Cancer is a disease of abnormal growth of a cell. Normally, the cells of our body grow and divide in a controlled manner. When normal cells are damaged or cells become old, they die and are replaced by healthy cells. In cancer, the signals that control cell growth do not work properly. Cancer cells keep on growing and multiply when they should stop. In other words, cancer cells do not follow the same rules as healthy cells.
Each cell is governed by genes that instruct cells how to function, when to grow and when to divide. Cancer develops from the body's own cells: it begins with a change in the genes of a single cell. Genetic changes or mutations (changes or manipulations in the cell) can interfere with the normal function of a cell.
Most changes do not cause harm, but sometimes they interfere with the regulation of cell growth. It is rare that a change in a gene occurs just because the same thing happened to the parents. Most of the manipulations happen spontaneously, that too when cells divide into different parts. Not only this, these changes are by mistake and happen suddenly. Unlike cancer in adults, cancer in children is not caused by lifestyle or environment. Rather, most cases of cancer in children are the result of a mutation in a gene that happens by chance.
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The term cancer is usually used for the cell or tissue where it starts. There are more than 100 different types of cancer in children. How the cells look under a microscope and the molecular and genetic characteristics of the cells provide information to help determine the specific type of cancer.
Many cancers form clumps or clumps of cells, forming a solid lump. Other cancers, such as leukemia, spread through the blood to the rest of the body and do not collect in one place. As the solid lump grows, some cells migrate to other parts of the body. This process is called metastasis. It may also happen that the cancer spreads directly to the surrounding body.
The place where the cancer first starts is called the primary tumor. Metastasis cancer gets its name from the primary tumor. For example, osteosarcoma that started in the bone and spread to the lungs is called metastasis osteosarcoma, not lung cancer.
Cancer cells often have characteristics that make them more likely to grow. Cells may divide more rapidly than normal cells or may not stop dividing even when they are supposed to stop dividing. Some cancer cells continue to develop new gene mutations that can cause them to grow rapidly. The lump formed by the growth of cancer cells can put pressure on the nearby blood vessels and nerves, which can cause many parts of the body to stop working properly. Cancer cells can interfere with the work of healthy cells.
The main treatments for cancer in children include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. Which treatment should be used for cancer or which treatments should be combined, it is decided by many things. These include:
* Cancer type that involves a mutation in a gene
* Where is the tumor
* Cancer has occurred for the first time or has recurred
* What stage the cancer is in including the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body
* Age of child
Advances in therapy have led to an increase in survival rates from childhood cancer, which in the US now average 80% or more. However, in cases of other cancers, the condition still does not improve due to non-diagnosis. Scientists are trying to learn more about the genetic causes of cancer and the specific characteristics of cancer cells. These discoveries will improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in children.
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